Equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP), synonymous with effective isotropically radiated power, is an IEEE standardized definition of directional radio frequency (RF) power transmitted at equal power in all directions spherically from a theoretical point source. It is differentiated from effective (or equivalent) radiated power (ERP) by use of absolute antenna gain in the calculation instead of relative antenna gain. The term "gain" is assumed to mean "antenna gain" and also "absolute" (referenced to isotropic) unless specifically stated to be relative. The gain is then multiplied by the power actually accepted by the antenna to result in the actual EIRP. Power losses which occur prior to the antenna, e.g., in the transmission line or from inefficiency in the generator itself are therefore not included in the calculation.
STB
A set-top box (STB) or set-top unit (STU), or nowadays known as a cable box is an information appliance device that generally contains a TV-tuner input and displays output to a television set and an external source of signal, turning the source signal into content in a form that can then be displayed on the television screen or other display device.
CI module
the Common Interface is a technology which allows separation of conditional access functionality from a digital TV receiver-decoder (Host) into a removable conditional-access module (CAM)
The host is responsible for tuning to pay TV channels and demodulation of the RF signal, while CAM is responsible for CA descrambling. The Common Interface allows them to communicate with each other.
The Common Interface can be used for pay-to-view TV
a module is used to interface between the pay-to-view card and the TV or device.
This allows manufacturers to install a single (common) interface into their devices rather than many.
It is a similar concept to USB.
Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) is a suite of internationally accepted open standards for digital television.
DVB systems distribute data using a variety of approaches, including:

    Satellite: DVB-S, DVB-S2 and DVB-SH
        DVB-SMATV for distribution via SMATV
    Cable: DVB-C, DVB-C2
    Terrestrial television: DVB-T, DVB-T2
        Digital terrestrial television for handhelds: DVB-H, DVB-SH
    Microwave: using DTT (DVB-MT), the MMDS (DVB-MC), and/or MVDS standards (DVB-MS)
DVB-C stands for "Digital Video Broadcasting - Cable" and it is the DVB European consortium standard for the broadcast transmission of digital television over cable. This system transmits an MPEG-2 or MPEG-4 family digital audio/digital video stream, using a QAM modulation with channel coding.
DVB-T2 is an abbreviation for "Digital Video Broadcasting – Second Generation Terrestrial"; it is the extension of the television standard DVB-T, issued by the consortium DVB, devised for the broadcast transmission of digital terrestrial television
DVB-SH ("Digital Video Broadcasting - Satellite services to Handhelds") is a physical layer standard for delivering IP based media content and data to handheld terminals such as mobile phones or PDAs, based on a hybrid satellite/terrestrial downlink and for example a GPRS uplink. The DVB Project published the DVB-SH standard in February 2007.
A conditional access module (CAM) is an electronic device, usually incorporating a slot for a smart card, which equips an Integrated Digital Television or set-top box with the appropriate hardware facility to view conditional access content that has been encrypted using a conditional access system.
What is eMMC?
The eMMC solution consists of at least three components - the MMC (multimedia card) interface, the flash memory, and the flash memory controller - and is offered in an industry-standard BGA package.
Where is eMMC used?
eMMC is suitable for high performance applications such as portable consumer electronic products for e.g. smartphones, digital tablets, multi-media players, PDAs, navigational systems and digital cameras. eMMC can thus be used for mobile devices, enhanced storage solutions and as replacement for traditional storage media (i.e., HDDs).
What are the benefits of eMMC?
The eMMC architecture integrating the flash memory controller in the same package simplifies the application interface design and frees the host processor from low-level flash memory managemen - See Secondly, eMMC eliminates the need to develop interface software for all types of NAND memory by integrating the embedded controller into the memory chip and providing an easy-to-use memory solutions package for high-speed data transmissions by devices, such as mobile phones.
Transponder
In a communications satellite, a transponder gathers signals over a range of uplink frequencies and re-transmits them on a different set of downlink frequencies to receivers on Earth, often without changing the content of the received signal or signals.
Transmission Process

Signals are sent up to the satellite from the earth's surface. The transmission station is called an uplink station. The transmission takes place via frequency modulation (FM). The advantage of FM is that there are no problems regarding the frequency and dynamic range that needs to be transmitted, plus, FM is less sensitive to interference than AM. For practical reasons, conventional TV stations broadcast in AM (called earth or terrestrial TV).

The outgoing transmission takes place at a very high frequency of 14,000 MHz (= 14 Gigahertz). To avoid any interference, the incoming signal (downlink) is transmitted at a frequency between 10 and 12 GHz. This is the so-called KU band, which covers the area from 10.7-12.75 GHz. The downlink signal is sent to earth in a focused beam, via a parabolic antenna, that looks quite similar to a receiving dish antenna. From there, it can be picked up by private antenna, shared antenna installations and cable companies.

The Offset Dish Antenna, has its LNC not mounted centrally, but to the side of the dish. Because the LNC no longer obstructs the signal path, the dish has a better performance than the Prime Feed Focus dish. This allows the dish diameter to be smaller. Another advantage of this type of dish is that it can be positioned almost vertically,

The Dual Offset Dish Antenna is an improvement on the Offset Dish antenna and has an even better performance. Its efficiency is about 80%. The main feature of this antenna is that it has two dishes: a larger receiving dish and a smaller dish facing the opposite direction which collects the signals from the larger dish and directs it to the LNC.
Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TV (HbbTV) is both an industry standard (ETSI TS 102 796[1]) and promotional initiative for hybrid digital TV to harmonise the broadcast, IPTV, and broadband delivery of entertainment to the end consumer through connected TVs (smart TVs) and set-top boxes.[2] The HbbTV consortium, regrouping digital broadcasting and Internet industry companies, is establishing a standard for the delivery of broadcast TV and broadband TV to the home, through a single user interface, creating an open platform as an alternative to proprietary technologies.[citation needed] Products and services using the HbbTV standard can operate over different broadcasting technologies, such as satellite, cable, or terrestrial networks.
PVR
A digital video recorder (DVR) is an electronic device that records video in a digital format to a disk drive, USB flash drive, SD memory card, SSD or other local or networked mass storage device. The term includes set-top boxes with direct to disk recording, portable media players and TV gateways with recording capability, and digital camcorders.[1] Personal computers are often connected to video capture devices and used as DVRs; in such cases the application software used to record video is an integral part of the DVR. Many DVRs are classified as consumer electronic devices; such devices are sometimes referred to as personal video recorders (PVRs).
HD-capable MPEG-4 compatible satellite TV decoder.This will then present the incoming satellite HD programming to the TV in either 720p or 1080i.
built-in ATSC tuner
You will gain nothing with an HDTV capable digital satellite TV decoder unless it is connected to an HDTV set
HDTV MPEG-4 enabled satellite TV receiver.
Satellite TV receivers equipped with a digital video recording (DVR) option
the integration of a built-in DVR with a satellite TV decoder certainly brings in a few significant advantages over the two-piece setup apart from saving valuable space in your equipment rack.
the functionality of the satellite receiver electronic program guide (EPG) would be well-integrated into the DVR's recording menu/scheduling system, thus making recording of future shows quick and easy.

Home-Theater-Capable
your digital satellite TV receiver should at least include an S-video output for standard definition, and component video or preferably an HDMI connection for HD programming. It should also incorporate a digital audio connection for Dolby Digital Surround if it does not include an HDMI output.
It is worth having a Picture-in-Picture (PIP) viewing option as the PIP feature found on most HDTVs today

http://www.practical-home-theater-guide.com/satellite-tv-decoder.html
Other features of recordable satellite receivers are USB compatibility so external devices can be hooked up, as well as channel sorting, parental controls, picture in picture display, and subtitles.
http://www.ebay.com/gds/Your-Guide-to-Buying-a-Satellite-Receiver-/10000000177318405/g.html
Free-to-air (FTA) are television (TV) and radio services broadcast in clear (unencrypted) form, allowing any person with the appropriate receiving equipment to receive the signal and view or listen to the content without requiring a subscription, other ongoing cost or one-off fee (e.g. Pay-per-view). In the traditional sense, this is carried on terrestrial radio signals and received with an antenna
The abbreviation LNB: Low Noise Block down-converter.   It does not mean to block low noise!
The LNB is the device installed in front of the satellite dish and is connected with a cable (or more) to your decoder. The LNB receives the very low level microwave signal that is transmitted from the satellite, amplifies it, changes the signals to the right frequency band and sends it with the cable to the decoder/receiver.
The expression low noise refers the quality of the first (input) electronic circuit. The quality is measured in units called;

    Noise Temperature,
    Noise Figure,
    Noise Factor.

The Noise Figure and Noise Factor are converted into Noise Temperature. An LNB with a low Noise Temperature is better than one with a high Noise Temperature.

Block refers to the conversion of a block of microwave frequencies received from the satellite that are changed to a lower block of frequencies before sending it to the decoder.
The simple (single) LNB contains one or more local oscillators, referred to as LO running frequencies.
A universal LNB (dual band) has two local oscillators,
    One to receive and convert the low band signals.
    The other to receive and convert the high band signal

    Multi-LNBs
A “Quad LNB” might have 4 outputs, for each polarization and each of two bands.

    The LNB requires 18 volt for Horizontal signals.
    The LNB requires 13 volt for Vertical signals.
Symbol rate is the indication of the carrier modulation speed. Symbol rate tells how many transmission symbols are modulated to the carrier per second. It is the rate of state changes on a communications circuit.
(FEC)Forward Error Correction is a type of error correction which improves on error detection by enabling the receiver to correct errors once they are detected. This reduces the need for retransmissions.
A transponder is a wireless communication device that picks up an incoming signal and response to it. Transponder is a combination of the two words transmitter and responder
FTA channel example:

    Frequency: 10.773
    Polarization: H (requires 18)
    Symbol Rate: 22000
    FEC: 5/6

We need to determine on what LO frequency our LNB is running for the channel. (Our example = 10773)
Polarization note: (Our example = H)
Symbol rate (Our example = 22000)
FEC (Our example = 5/6)

Signals transmitted by satellite can be polarized in one of four different ways:

    linear horizontal
    linear vertical
    left-hand circular
    right-hand circular

    Vertically polarized

An antenna is vertically polarized when its electric field is perpendicular to the Earth’s surface. Vertically polarized signals oscillate from top to bottom. Signals are transmitted in all directions. Therefore vertical polarization is used for ground-wave transmission, allowing the radio wave to travel a considerable distance along the ground surface with minimum attenuation.

    Horizontally polarized

Horizontally polarized antennas have their electric field parallel to the Earth’s surface. Horizontally polarized signals oscillate from left to right. Horizontal polarization frequencies are parallel to and touch the earth. Since the earth acts as a good conductor at low frequencies, it shorts some of the frequencies and prevents the signals from traveling very far.

the size of the footprint depends on the location of the satellite in its orbit, the shape and size of beam produced by its transponder and the distance from the earth

The area of the Earth covered by the microwave radiation from a satellite dish (transponder) is called the satellites footprint.

The footprint can be seen as:
The area in which a broadcast signal from a particular satellite can be received
The area on the surface of the earth within a satellite’s transponder (transmitter or sensor) field of view.

The maps usually show either

the estimated minimal dish diameter required or
the signal strength in each area measured in dBW. dBW (decibel watt) is a standard unit of measurement of the strength of a signal expressed in decibels relative to one watt.

polarization is a way to give transmission signals a specific direction. It makes the beam more concentrated. Signals transmitted by satellite can be polarized in one of four different ways: linear (horizontal or vertical) or circular (left-hand or right-hand). FSS satellites use horizontal and vertical polarization, whereas DBS satellites use left- and right-hand circular polarization.

The Satellite Tuner

Signals come in to the satellite tuner via the LNC. A satellite tuner next to the TV tuner is required for satellite reception. Normal TV tuners can only handle signals between 47 to 870 MHz, whereas satellite transmission takes place between 950 and 2150 MHz. TV sets cannot generate specific LNC control signals, nor handle polarization switching. Furthermore, TV tuners cannot process the audio signals from the satellite. Some TV sets and VCRs have satellite tuners built in. In addition to a satellite tuner, one may also need an additional antenna positioner (in case of a polar mount dish), a descrambler box and a smart card reader in order to receive encoded transmissions, all of which can be built into the satellite tuner.

Scrambling and Conditional Access

    Not all signals picked up by a dish antenna are suitable for viewing. For several reasons TV signals can be scrambled or given conditional access and can only be watched with the help of a decoder or descrambler. These reasons might be that:

        Programs are financed by viewer subscription rather than advertising revenues.
        Programs are meant for a selected audience.
        Programs to be broadcast have been acquired with copyright clearance for specific geographical areas only.

    There is a distinction between scrambling and conditional access, although for the viewer without a decoder the result is the same: unclear video and/or audio signals. Scrambling is the jumbling up of a picture and/or a sound channel to make it impossible to watch or listen to a program without a decoder. Conditional access is a form of encoding to protect information with a scrambled signal that tells the decoder how to decode it. Scrambling is therefore applied to the picture, whereas conditional access is applied to the control signal. Scrambled signals require additional decoder boxes or a smart card reader for access.

The signals received by the dish antenna are transferred to a frequency converter called the LNC (Low Noise Converter), which is placed in the focal point of the dish antenna. The LNC is also called the LNB (Low Noise Block converter). The LNC converts the incoming signal to a lower frequency in the area between 950 and 2150 MHz, and then amplifies the signal before it is sent to the satellite tuner. Due to the very weak signal levels, it is of vital importance that the amplification takes place free of noise. During the amplification of the frequencies, all frequencies will be amplified, including noise. An important performance parameter of the LNC is therefore its noise factor. The lower the noise factor, the better the picture quality. For good reception and image results, the quality of the LNC and the satellite tuner are of vital importance.

Fixed Service Satellites

Fixed Service Satellites (FSS) are satellites designed to transport telephone calls, data transmission and TV signals for broadcasting and cable organizations. Because these satellites have a relatively low power output of 10-20 watts per transmitted channel, it means that a large dish antenna is required for good reception. (Less power means a weaker signal which is harder to pick up, therefore requiring a larger antenna.) However, the advantage of low power satellites is that more programs can be broadcast.
Consumer Satellites - DBS and MPS

A DBS, or Direct Broadcasting Satellite, is a satellite with high transmission powers, especially designed to transmit radio and TV programs. Because of its high power (up to ten times the power of a FSS satellite), its signals can be received with smaller dish antennae of 25-40 cm in central receiving areas.

Another kind of satellite is the Medium Powered Satellite (MPS), which is a satellite with a transmission power of 50 watts. The advantage of this type of satellite is that it has more power than a FSS and its signals can therefore be received much easier. Although it has less power than a DBS, its advantage over a DBS is that it allows the satellite to broadcast more programs. The ASTRA satellite is an example of a MPS. MPS and DBS satellites are also referred to as consumer satellites.

Fixed Dual FBC Tuners:

But before we look at that, let's look at the Dual Fixed FBC tuners. FBC stands for Full Band Capture. This new FBC tuner, will allow you to tune into 4 different frequencies per tuner, which means that you effectively have 8 tuners inside your Solo 4K and if you have the optional twin pluggable tuner installed too, this gives you a total of 10 tuners.

To get the maximum from the Dual FBC tuners you will need to use a Unicable LNB, this means you can choose to view / record 4 different frequencies per tuner, however using a conventional lnb as found on most current satellite dishes around the world, it is still possible to tune to 8 different tv channels, but there are some limitations to which frequency's you can tune at the same time.

Another great feature of the Solo 4K, is the Blindscan function, this is more for enthusiasts and advanced users that like to scan the skies for all the channels they can find. The Blindscan plugin will ask you to select which satellite you want to Blindscan, and then the receiver will do the rest. It's a great feature especially when looking for feeds, or scanning those satellites where channels move around frequently (this feature requires a driver update to get it working at time of writing this review).

And don't forget about the flexibility those 2 Fixed FBC tuners give you, 8 different transponders with only 2 feeds from the lnb, you should never miss a tv show ever again.

Single Channel Router

Oysa kullanici bir polaritedeki yayini kaydederken (DVR) digerini izlemesi mümkün degildi. (Bu durumda asagiya birden çok kablo indirmek ve karmasik bir enstelasyon düzenegi ve kullanma zorlugu söz konusudur.)
Iste “Unicable teteknolojisi” ile getirilen ve SCR(Single Channel Router) kisaltmasiyla da sikça karsilastigimiz uygulama bu sorunlara çözüm getirmek üzere gelistirilmistir. Bu sistem adindan da anlasilacagi gibi “tek kablolu” bir çözüm.
Standart geleneksel alici cihazlarinda tek tüner bulunur. O nedenle örnegin unicable kablonun dagitildigi evin 4 farkli odasindaki 4 alici cihaz uydudaki tüm kanallari birbirinden bagimsiz olarak ayni anda izleyebilir. Öte yandan dijital görüntü kaydedicili cihazlarda bazen çift tüner bulunmaktadir. Ekran ekran içine farkli kanallari göstermek veya birini izleyip öbürünü kaydetmek gibi amaçlari destekleyen bu durumlarda tek alici cihazin içinde bulunan bu ikinci tüner farkli bir kullanici sayilir. Ancak, genellikle toplam dörtten daha fazla tüner de olsa ayni anda bunlardan dörtten fazlasinin seçim yapmasi genellikle olasiligi düsüktür.
http://www.dikeyelektronik.com/unicable-lnb-nedir.html#.WCr_fMnSz2s

DVB-S2 FBC Tuner - Was ist das?

Tunerkonfiguration Vu+ Solo 4K mit einem DVB-S2 FBC Dual Tuner
https://wiki.vuplus-support.org/index.php?title=Tunerkonfiguration_Vu%2B_Solo_4K_mit_einem_DVB-S2_FBC_Dual_Tuner#ein_Kabel_vom_LNB_oder_Multischalter_.28eine_Satposition.29